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The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Filipino: ''Kalakhang Katedral Basílika ng Maynilà''; Spanish: ''Catedral Basílica Metropolitana de Manila''), informally known as Manila Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic basilica located in Manila, Philippines, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary as Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, the Principal Patroness of the Philippines. The cathedral serves as the see of the Archbishop of Manila. Located at Plaza de Roma in the Intramuros district of the City of Manila, the cathedral was originally a parish church owned and governed by the Archdiocese of Mexico in 1571, until it became a separate diocese on 6 February 1579 upon the issuance of the papal bull, ''Illius Fulti Praesido'' by Pope Gregory XIII.〔("The First Cathedral:1581 - 1583" ). Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica. Retrieved on 2011-11-24.〕 The cathedral was damaged and destroyed several times since the original structure was built in 1581 while the eighth and current instance of the cathedral was finally completed in 1958.〔("The Eight Cathedral: 1958 - Present" ). Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica. Retrieved on 2011-11-24.〕 The basilica has merited a papal endorsement from Pope Gregory XIII and three apostolic visits from Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul II and Pope Francis. On 27 April 1981, Pope John Paul II issued papal bull ''Quod Ipsum'' designating the cathedral as a minor basilica by his own ''Motu Proprio''.〔(1981-04-27). ("Quod Ipsum" ). Litterae Apostolicae. Ioannem Paulum Secundum, Papam. Manillensis Archidiocesis.〕 ==History== The cathedral was originally the "church of Manila" officially established in 1571 by a secular priest, Juan de Vivero, who arrived in Manila Bay in 1566.〔("History of the City" ). City of Manila Official Website. Retrieve on 2011-11-24.〕 De Vivero, the chaplain on the galleon of ''San Gerónimo'', was sent by the Archbishop of Mexico, Alonso de Montúfar, to establish Christianity as the spiritual and religious administration in newly colonized Philippines. De Vivero later became the vicar-general and the first ecclesiastical judge of the city of Manila. Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi chose the location of the church and placed it under the patronage of Santa Potenciana. The first parish priest of the church was Juan de Villanueva.〔("The Church before it became a Cathedral : 1571" ). Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica. Retrieved on 2011-11-24.〕 When the church was raised to a cathedral in 1579, a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the first bishop of Manila. The new structure was consecrated on December 21, 1581, formally becoming a cathedral. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1583, which started during the funeral Mass for Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa in San Agustin Church that razed much of the city.〔 The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1600. Construction of the third cathedral began in 1614. The new structure, consisting of three naves and seven chapels, was blessed in 1614. It was toppled by another earthquake which shook Manila in 1645. The fourth cathedral was constructed from 1654 to 1671. In 1750, a ''media naranja'' ("half orange") dome was added to the crossing by the Florentine friar Juan de Uguccioni, who also introduced a transept to the structure. It was severely damaged in 1863 by a very strong earthquake that also damaged the palace of the Governor General of the Philippines. In 1880, another earthquake toppled its bell tower, rendering the cathedral towerless until 1958. The seventh cathedral was constructed from 1870 to 1879. It was solemnly blessed in December 1879. The cross atop the central dome is a reference point of astronomical longitudes of the archipelago. In 1937, the International Eucharistic Congress was held in the Philippines in which the cathedral played an integral part in promoting eucharistic beliefs. Both a cathedral stamp and medal was struck in commemoration of the event and was made by the official manufacturer of medals for the Congress of the Philippines at the time, the sculptor Críspulo Zamora.〔(2012-04-28).("The Resilient Cathedral of Manila" ). The Philippines And Then Some.〕 This incarnation of the cathedral was reduced to rubble by Allied bombardment in 1945 during the Battle of Manila, as the Second World War neared its conclusion. The present cathedral was constructed from 1954 to 1958 under Cardinal Rufino Jiao Santos and under the supervision of the notable Filipino architect Fernando H. Ocampo. Pope Paul VI made an apostolic visit and celebrated Mass in the cathedral in 1970. Pope John Paul II issued a papal bull ''Quod Ipsum'' on April 27, 1981, elevating the shrine to a minor basilica through his own ''Motu Proprio''.〔 In the same papal bull, He reiterated that the Pope Paul VI's papal decree of June 6, 1968 be eternally preserved and enforced to the merits and titles of the cathedral as its own basilica.〔(1968). ("Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Oficiale" ), pp. 536-539. The Vatican Archives. Retrieved on 2012-02-03.〕〔(1990). ("Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Oficiale - Ioannem Paulum Secundum, Papam. Decretum de Titulo Basilicae Minoris" ). pp. 436-440. The Vatican Archives. Retrieved on 2012-02-03.〕 The cathedral's 50th restoration anniversary was celebrated in 2008, highlighted by the second Manila Cathedral Pipe Organ Festival from December 2 to 10, organized by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines.〔(2008-04-29). ("Activities lined up for Manila Cathedral's 50th restoration anniversary" ). GMA News Online.〕 In February 2011, the Archdiocese of Manila relocated the bells of the cathedral to the ground level to prevent tower collapse as exhibited in the past earthquakes. In January 2012, the cathedral replaced the bells, personally cast by blacksmith Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling of Heidelberg Germany in 1958. According to the new marker installed by Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales, the newly installed bells are the largest bells actively used in the Philippines. A total of seven ''Carillon'' bells were permanently installed in the ground level of the belfry weighing at 17 metric tons.〔Official Stone Marker at the Manila Cathedral. Publicly installed by Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales, former Archbishop of Manila (2011). Located on the left side of the front door of the Basilica〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Manila Cathedral」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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